Abstract:Responsible antimicrobial use in dairy practice depends not only on regulation but also on practical farm level understanding. This study examines participatory extension workshops delivered through producer groups in Zimbabwe, focusing on treatment records, withdrawal periods, and alternatives to routine prophylactic use. Pre and post intervention assessments showed improved documentation behavior and more frequent veterinary consultation before antibiotic administration. Participants also demonstrated better awareness of residue risks and market penalties. The intervention was low cost and adapted to local language and management conditions. Results suggest that community centered extension can meaningfully strengthen antimicrobial stewardship while maintaining confidence in disease control strategies.
Abstract:Seasonal breeding herds require precise timing of insemination to maintain calving distribution and labor efficiency. This paper tests a data driven scheduling method that combines heat observation records, body condition indicators, and historical conception patterns. The model produced weekly priority lists for insemination teams in mixed beef dairy operations in northern Argentina. Compared with prior seasons, farms using the scheduling framework improved first service conception and reduced repeated handling events. Staff reported clearer workflow planning during peak breeding weeks. The approach indicates that simple analytics based on routinely collected records can enhance reproductive management without expensive proprietary platforms.
Abstract:Reducing enteric methane without raising feed costs is a key challenge for smallholder dairy systems. This trial compared conventional rations with blends incorporating regionally available byproducts, including oilseed residues and fruit processing fractions. Emission estimates from portable gas measurement protocols were paired with milk yield and body condition monitoring. Several byproduct blends achieved lower methane intensity while maintaining production performance and acceptable feed palatability. Participating farmers noted that local sourcing reduced price volatility compared with imported concentrates. The study demonstrates that context specific ration design can contribute to climate responsive dairy management while preserving economic feasibility for family scale producers.
Abstract:Remote pastoral and mixed farming areas often experience delayed treatment and low preventive coverage due to distance from fixed veterinary services. This study evaluates a mobile clinic program operating across cattle corridors in northern Kenya and neighboring districts. Service logs were combined with household survey data to estimate changes in vaccination uptake, calf survival, and emergency treatment costs. Communities with regular mobile visits showed improved preventive compliance and lower expenditure on crisis interventions. Farmers also reported better trust in extension messaging when consultations were predictable. The findings support mobile service models as a scalable strategy for improving herd health outcomes and protecting rural livestock dependent incomes.
Abstract:Adequate hydration is essential for feedlot performance, yet many medium scale operations lack continuous oversight of trough function and water quality. This paper presents a low cost IoT framework using flow sensors and basic conductivity probes connected to a mobile dashboard. A pilot implementation in Bangladeshi feedlots tracked interruptions, contamination events, and daily consumption shifts during heat episodes. Alert based maintenance reduced downtime of watering points and improved consistency of intake across pens. Managers reported simpler decision making for cleaning schedules and line repairs. The framework offers a practical digital option for improving welfare and productivity where resources for advanced automation remain limited.
Abstract:This research analyzes cooperative milk cooling centers serving peri urban dairy clusters in Kenya and their role in preserving microbiological quality during transport. Temperature records, acidity measurements, and rejection rates were monitored over four months across cooperative and non cooperative channels. Cooperative collection points with shared cooling infrastructure maintained lower temperature variability and significantly fewer spoilage related rejections. Interviews indicated that pooled logistics reduced transport delays and improved payment consistency for farmers. The study highlights how locally governed cooling systems can strengthen quality assurance, stabilize producer income, and support safer dairy products in expanding urban food markets.
Abstract:Field observations from rotational beef farms in southern Chile were used to examine how grazing sequence and rest intervals influence tick pressure across seasons. Herd level tick counts were collected every two weeks and linked to paddock moisture and vegetation structure. Systems using shorter occupancy periods and coordinated paddock sanitation showed lower peak infestations than continuously grazed controls. Producers also reduced reliance on frequent chemical applications without compromising body condition. The results indicate that rotation design can be integrated with targeted treatment schedules to improve parasite control, reduce treatment costs, and limit selection pressure for acaricide resistance in subtropical cattle production.
Abstract:This study evaluates a machine vision workflow for detecting early lameness in community dairy farms where veterinary access is limited. Video clips from routine milking hours were analyzed with lightweight pose tracking models and compared with locomotion scores from field veterinarians. The approach identified subtle gait asymmetries before visible severe symptoms in many cases and reduced delay in referral decisions. Farmers reported that daily camera based alerts were practical and did not interrupt normal routines. The findings suggest that affordable digital tools can support preventive hoof health programs and improve animal welfare outcomes in small and medium sized dairy systems.
Abstract:Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Composites Reinforced with Bismuth Oxide (Bi₂O₃ ) was made by melt quenching and its dosimetry and gamma protection properties were evaluated.\nAs Bismuth Oxide (Bi₂O₃) concentration increases from 0 to 20 wt %, the prepared Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Composites samples become denser (1.43 ± 0.02g/cm3 to1.69 ± 0.02g/ cm3). The present work deals with the shielding properties of polymer composites of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) loaded with bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) at 0, 10, and 20 %. Using ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV), ⁶⁰Co (1173, 1333 keV), and ²²Na (1275 keV) sources the linear attenuation coefficient of the composites was found to increase with increased filler content in the composites. The γ-ray linear attenuation coefficients are increased from 0.124cm-1 to 0.163cm-1 with increasing Bi2O3 concentration from 0% to 20% at energy of 662KeV and from 0.079 to 0.099 at energy of 1333KeV. Compared to other radiation shielding materials and newly investigated Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Composites, the prepared Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Composites samples offer perfect safety and effective γ- ray shielding, making them suitable for nuclear shielding in various applications industrial, medicinal applications, and storage of nuclear waste. Polymer composites have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional gamma radiation shielding materials due to their lightweight, non-toxic properties, and versatility in processing. FTIR was utilized in this study to examine PVC and PVC/BiO₃ composites to ascertain whether there is any chemical interaction between the BiO₃ filler and the polymer matrix by measuring their infrared absorption spectra. FTIR examination shows that the increasing of Bi₂O₃ to PVC polymer causes more noticeable variations in peak intensity and small shifts. The Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Composites formability was assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The lattice spacing for the composites was calculated using Bragg’s law as 3.942 Å (0%), 3.190 Å (10%), and 3.188 Å (20%). \nAdding Bi₂O₃ to PVC significantly enhances both thermal stability and mechanical performance. A 10% Bi₂O₃ content provides the optimal balance of thermal resistance, tensile strength, and flexibility. Increasing the Bi₂O₃ content to 20% reduces mechanical performance due to stiffening or particle agglomeration, while thermal stability remains satisfactory. Therefore, PVC with 10% Bi₂O₃ is the best choice for applications requiring high thermal resistance, good tensile strength, and balanced flexibility.\nThese results demonstrate that PVC/ Bi₂O₃ composites are practical and environmentally friendly replacements for radiation shielding in nuclear, industrial, and medical applications.
Abstract:Indigenous cattle breeds represent valuable genetic resources threatened by replacement with commercial breeds. We analyzed genetic diversity in five Balkan cattle populations using 22 microsatellite markers. All breeds maintained moderate to high heterozygosity, with Rhodope Shorthorn showing highest allelic richness. Population structure analysis identified distinct genetic clusters corresponding to geographic origins. Evidence of recent admixture with commercial breeds was detected in two populations. Results support breed-specific conservation strategies prioritizing maintenance of adaptive traits developed over centuries of natural selection in challenging environments.